Readings in the Social Sciences for CITIES - Annotated






FROM THE RUDY BRUNER AWARDS FOR URBAN EXCELLENCE

The following readings are taken from case studies published by the Bruner Foundation, as part of the Rudy Bruner Award for Urban Excellence.  Complete citations and more details about winning sites and the award can be found at the Bruner Foundation home page.
 

Each of the readings below is an analytic case study based on on-site observagtion and interviews, and including comments from the RBA Selection Committee.

o NYC Greenmarket
o Beyond Homelessness   (award application)
o The Times Square   (award application)
o Tenant Interim Lease Project
o Greenpoint Manufacturing and Design Center   (award application)
o Project Row Houses   (award application)
o Center in the Square   (award application)
o ARTScorpsLA (award application)

o What Was Learned About Excellence [analytic chapter from Sustaining Urban Excellence; Learning from the Rudy Bruner Award, 1987-1993, by Jay Farbstein, Robert Shibley, Polly Welch, and Richard Wener, with Emily Axelrod].
 
 
 

Methods
o Chapters from Alan Jacobs, Looking at Cities
             "Starting to Look"
             "Clues"
    These chapters are used as part of the basic introduction to methods of observing cities.  They describe ways to understand how people use their urban spaces, by noticing clues in the environment.

o Film, The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces
    A classic film, written and narrated by William H. Whyte and presented on thre PBS Nova series.  This film demonstrates the use of film, time-lapse photography, and behavior observations in understanding how people use space.  It presents a series of principles for understanding how the design of urban public open spaces affects use and desireability.
 

o Lewis Mumford, "The Culture of Cities".
      A classic work on the history of
 
 

Nature and the City

o Robert Sommer, "Farmers' Markets as Community Events." pp. 57-82.  In I. Altman & E. Zube. (Eds.). Public Places and Spaces. New York: Plenum.
      This paper presents Sommer's studies on farmer's markets and discusses how they support  social interactions among shoppers in ways traditional food markets do not.

o Roger Ulrich, "View Through a Window May Influence Recovery from Surgery , Science, Volume 224, April 1984

o Hartig, T., Mang, M. & Evans, G. (1991). Restorative effects of natural environment experiences. Environment and Behavior, 23, 3-26. back
 

  •       These two papers present experimental studies that provide evidence supporting the notion that natural environments have stress reducing effects that can potentially provide health benefits.
  • Marcus & Francis - People Places, chpt on Urban plazas and chpt onNeighborhood Parks (both include design review checklists)
  • Francis et al Public Spaces - several chapters

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    Crime and the City

    o  "Defensible Space: Deterring Crime and Building Community"
    o  Randall Atlas and William LeBlanc, "The Impact of Environmental Road Devices on Crime: Case Study Miami Shores, FL"
            These papers both address issues of "Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design" (CPTED).  "Defensible Space" describes principles in public housing design and neighborhood design that can, if applied, reduce crime and increase perceived safety, largely by increasing visibility, connections, and common territory among people.  Atlas and LeBlanc present an analysis of a neighborhood in Florida where these principles were used, and shopw a positive impact on crime there.
    - suburb as recreation of living with nature

    Vaux and Olmstead

    Planned suburbs - Short Hills, NJ, Riverside, Ill., Llewllyn Park, NJ

    Baum - Crowding and Urban Density -
        An empirical study that looks at the impact of stores on residential blocks and how they affect perception of safety and neighborliness.