In this module one learns about the fundamental elements of biotechnology and the applications of the same in fields ranging from agriculture to medicine. It also discusses the genetic engineering principles and how biochemical engineering principles can be used to construct microorganisms, which are of commercial value. All of it has been explained in detail supported with appropriate diagrams and mathematical equations. In addition to the above-mentioned topics, governing relationships between growth stoichiometry, growth rate and product formation have also been discussed.